T2D and Glycemic Control: T2D stems from insulin secretion or action defects, leading to high blood sugar and various complications.
Rising Diabetes Prevalence: The global prevalence of diabetes is increasing alarmingly, impacting millions worldwide.
Role of Supplements: Previous studies explored various supplements like vitamins and fibers to modify diabetes risks. Magnesium has been suggested as a potential adjunct therapy for diabetes management due to its influence on insulin sensitivity.
Objectives:
Magnesium's Influence: Poor intracellular magnesium and elevated intracellular free calcium in T2D patients might lead to insulin resistance.
Controversial Evidence: Some studies support the positive effects of Mg supplementation on metabolic control in T2D, while others show no significant impact, resulting in conflicting evidence.
Objective of the Study: Investigate the effects of Mg supplementation in T2D patients in the Gaza Strip, aiming to improve glycemic control indicators.
Methods:
Participant Selection: 42 newly diagnosed T2D patients aged 35–60 were selected, stratified by certain parameters, and randomly divided into two groups: Mg supplementation group and control group.
Intervention: The intervention group received 250 mg/day of elemental Mg for three months, while the control group received no supplements.
Dietary Guidelines: Both groups adhered to a healthy diet plan and were instructed not to change their lifestyle during the study.
Compliance Monitoring: Patients were regularly monitored for compliance through weekly meetings or phone contacts.
Measurements and Analysis:Baseline and Post-Intervention Assessments: Various indicators like fasting blood sugar, insulin levels, C-peptide, and HbA1c were measured before and after the three-month intervention period.
Biochemical Analysis: Blood samples were analyzed for glucose, insulin, lipid profile, calcium, and magnesium levels.
Statistical Analysis: Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA to measure changes between groups.
Results:
Improvements in Glycemic Control: Mg supplementation showed a significant decrease in HbA1c, insulin levels, C-peptide, and insulin resistance indicators (HOMA.IR and HOMA.β%) compared to the control group.
Conclusion: Oral Mg supplementation demonstrated reduced insulin resistance and improved glycemic control indicators among T2D patients.
This study provides valuable insights into the potential benefits of magnesium supplementation in improving glycemic control among newly diagnosed T2D patients, contributing to the ongoing research on adjunct therapies for diabetes management.
7. Probiotics
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1010660X15001147?via%3DihubThis meta-analysis focused on evaluating the impact of probiotics on glucose metabolism in individuals diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Here's a summary of the study's key findings:
Objective:Investigating Probiotics: The aim was to analyze randomized, controlled trials to understand how probiotic consumption affects glucose metabolism in type 2 diabetes patients.
Methodology:Literature Review: Search conducted in databases until August 2014, resulting in the inclusion of 7 relevant trials.
Outcome Measures: Focused on changes in fasting plasma glucose (FPG), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and insulin concentration.
Results:
Glucose Metabolism Improvement: Probiotic consumption led to significant reductions in FPG (−15.92 mg/dL) and HbA1c (−0.54%) compared to control groups.
Subgroup Analyses:Non-Yogurt Control Trials: Showed significant reduction in FPG and HbA1c.
Multiple Probiotic Species: Notable decrease in FPG (−35.41 mg/dL).
Intervention Duration ≥8 Weeks: Significant reduction in FPG (−20.34 mg/dL).
Species of Probiotics: Did not show significant effects in the meta-analysis.
Duration <8 Weeks: No significant reduction in FPG observed.
Insulin Resistance and Insulin Concentration: Probiotic therapy led to a decrease in homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and insulin concentration.
Conclusion:
Beneficial Impact: Consumption of probiotics appears to modestly improve glucose metabolism in individuals with type 2 diabetes.
Duration and Type of Probiotics: Longer intervention periods (≥8 weeks) and consumption of multiple probiotic species may enhance the effectiveness of probiotic therapy in improving glucose metabolism.
Insulin Resistance: Probiotic therapy also exhibited a reduction in insulin resistance and insulin concentration, suggesting broader positive effects on diabetes-related indicators.
This meta-analysis suggests that incorporating probiotics into the diet could potentially offer benefits in managing glucose metabolism in individuals with type 2 diabetes, especially with longer intervention periods or consumption of diverse probiotic strains.
8. Chromiumhttps://www.metabolismjournal.com/article/S0026-0495(06)00083-7/fulltextThis study aimed to assess the effects and safety of chromium-containing milk powder in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) through a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in Taiwan. Here's a breakdown of the study's key findings:
Study Design:
Participants: 60 individuals with T2DM, aged 30 to 75 years, with specific criteria for glycosylated hemoglobin, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), and body mass index.
Intervention: Participants were split into two groups, one receiving chromium-containing milk powder (200 μg chromium/20 g milk powder) and the other receiving placebo twice daily for 16 weeks.
Assessment: Frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance tests (IVGTT) were conducted before and after the treatment period.
Results:
Lower FPG and Fasting Insulin: The group receiving chromium-containing milk powder exhibited significantly reduced FPG and fasting insulin levels compared to the placebo group.
Specific Impact in Males: Male participants in the chromium group demonstrated more pronounced reductions in FPG and fasting insulin compared to females.
Improvement in Glycosylated Hemoglobin: Chromium-treated male patients showed lower glycosylated hemoglobin levels at the end of the study.
Insulin Resistance Improvement: Male participants in the chromium group showed enhanced insulin resistance parameters compared to the placebo group, indicating better metabolic control.
Other Observations:No Significant Changes in Lipid Profiles: While improvements in metabolic parameters were noted, lipid profiles (total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol) did not significantly change.
Safety: No adverse events were reported in both groups, except for mild complaints of constipation and flatulence in the chromium group (5% each).
Conclusion:
Positive Effects: Intake of milk powder containing 400 μg/day of chromium for 16 weeks in individuals with T2DM resulted in decreased FPG, fasting insulin levels, and improved metabolic control, particularly in male patients.
Safety Profile: The intervention showed no significant adverse effects apart from mild gastrointestinal complaints in a small percentage of participants.
This study suggests that chromium-containing milk powder supplementation could potentially offer beneficial effects in managing glucose levels and improving metabolic control in individuals with type 2 diabetes, particularly among male participants, with an acceptable safety profile.
9. Ginsenghttps://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00394-018-1642-0
This study aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius [AG]) as an additional therapy in individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) who were already under conventional treatment.
Methodology:
Participants: 24 individuals with T2DM (11 females, 13 males; average age 64) completed the study.
Design: Employed a double-blind, cross-over design.
Treatment:
Participants received either 1g/meal (3g/day) of AG extract or placebo for 8 weeks, while maintaining their usual treatment. After a ≥4-week washout period, they were switched to the opposite treatment arm for another 8 weeks.
Primary Objective: Evaluation of HbA1c.
Secondary Endpoints: Included fasting blood glucose, insulin, blood pressure, plasma lipids, serum nitrates/nitrites (NOx), and plasminogen-activating factor-1 (PAI-1). Safety parameters, such as liver and kidney function, were monitored.
Results:
Effectiveness: AG extract significantly reduced HbA1c and fasting blood glucose levels compared to placebo.
Additional Benefits: AG intake was associated with lowered systolic blood pressure, increased NOx levels, and reductions in LDL-C and LDL-C/HDL.
Safety: No adverse effects on safety parameters like liver and kidney function were observed.
Conclusions:
Efficacy and Safety: AG extract, as an add-on therapy to conventional treatment, proved effective and safe in managing T2DM.
Need for Further Research: Larger studies using standardized ginseng preparations are required to validate and expand upon these findings, showcasing the therapeutic potential of AG in T2DM management.
This study underscores the promising role of American ginseng as a supplementary therapy for individuals with type 2 diabetes, indicating improved glycemic control and additional cardiovascular benefits without adverse effects on safety parameters. However, larger-scale investigations using standardized ginseng preparations are necessary to validate these findings and establish the therapeutic effectiveness of AG in diabetes management.
10. Green Teahttps://ajcn.nutrition.org/article/S0002-9165(23)05180-8/fulltext
Objective:
To assess the impact of green tea on glucose control and insulin sensitivity through a comprehensive review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs).
Methodology:
Conducted a systematic literature search of PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library for RCTs (up to January 2013).
Assessed study quality using the Jadad scale.
Calculated weighted mean differences for glycemic measures.
Performed subgroup, sensitivity, and meta-regression analyses.
Results:
Trials & Subjects: 17 trials involving 1133 subjects included.
Effect of Green Tea:Fasting Glucose: Significant reduction (−0.09 mmol/L).
Hb A1c: Substantial decrease (−0.30%).
High Jadad Score Studies:Showed significant reduction in fasting insulin concentrations (−1.16 μIU/mL).
Conclusions:
Favorable Effects: Green tea consumption showed positive outcomes, notably decreasing fasting glucose and Hb A1c concentrations.
Higher Quality Trials: Studies with higher Jadad scores exhibited significant reductions in fasting insulin levels, indicating enhanced insulin sensitivity due to green tea consumption.
